Machine Guarding and Lock Out / Tag Out

Safe methods for controlling hazardous energy and when to use them

Practically every industrial machine or process will have some type of hazard associated with it. Once a recognized
hazard is identified it must then be protected against, but to what degree? How do we know when a safety device
such as a keyed door interlock is adequate enough as opposed to completely removing all hazardous energies? Over recent years OSHA citations for lock out / tag out and machine safeguarding infractions have remained within the top ten violations. To identify when to properly utilize one method over the other, a few points need to be high-lighted and reviewed.

In order to better understand when lock out / tag out is required over general machine guarding, it is important to
understand what is trying to be accomplished: the control of “hazardous energy”. An energy source can consist of
any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy. This energy is considered hazardous if it can cause harm to employees by an intended or unexpected energization or startup of
the machines or equipment, or by the release of this stored energy. In other words, does this energy pose a direct
hazard – shock, impact, etc.? Does this energy produce a hazard such as a moving part, fire, etc.? Identifying what
type of energy is being used with the machine or equipment and what hazards
they do and can produce is a crucial step. Whether removal of energy is through general machine safeguarding
or lock out/tag out, it is worth noting that not all hazardous energy can be simply turned on or off; there are certainhazardous energies that can only be dis-sipated or controlled, such as heat orgases.

Machine Guarding

For general machine safeguarding the focus is on interlocking devices such as keyed interlocks, safety sensors, safety
limit switches, safety light curtains, andsafety edges. These interlock devices are placed on moveable guards or at a
point of operation. Opening a guard, breaking a light curtain optical array field, or actuating a bumper will trigger the device to interrupt the safety circuit. This action will remove hazard-ous energy and/or stop a hazardous motion – mainly limited to the area being guarded by the safety device. A risk assessment which will identify the
hazard being guarded will help define exactly how the safety circuit needs to be designed. Guidelines for safety cir-cuit requirements can be found in the internal standards ISO 12100 – risk as- sessment and risk reduction and ISO13849 – general principles for design.

Lock Out / Tag Out

The other method is lock out / tag out. The actual process is as it is named: a physical locking out of all hazardous
energy sources, followed by supplying a tag to indicate who has locked out the machine. Once executed correctly lock out / tag out will remove all hazardous energy from the entire machine. This is a documented, site wide, standardized process carried out by trained authorized personal. OSHA details its requirements for lock out / tag out under 29 CFR 1910.147. Within these requirements are guidelines on when to apply this proce-dure.

According to OSHA and current relevant standards, every recognized hazard and point of operations needs to be safe- guarded. When Examining OSHA’s 29 CFR 1910.147, lock out / tag out is to be applied when a task is being performed which is not part of normal operation. Which then poses another question: what is considered normal operation?

Machine operation modes

With all of the hazards and energysources identified, the operating modes of the machine must also be identified. These modes consist of normal opera- tion, troubleshooting, service, minor tool changes, maintenance, etc. Normal op-eration is considered the mode in which  the machine is used as it was intended for. Here, general machine safeguarding is relied upon to stop the hazardous condition, such as hard guarding or opening a guard door and is detailed in OSHA 29CFR1910.212. Once a safeguard has to be removed or bypassed, lock out / tag out is required. In addition, if an employee is required to place any part of their body into a point of operation or where an associated
danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle, lock out / tag out needs to be applied. However, if this exposure
is considered standard or routine and repetitive and can be justified as being vital to the actual production function of the machine then lock out / tag out is not required. Instead, additional safe-guarding measures need to be applied,such as two-hand controls, enabling switches, speed monitoring etc. for minor tool changes, adjustments or
other minor servicing activities.

There will be some operating modes that are more defined than others for when to apply lock out / tag out. For example, changing a pneumatic cylinder or blade may require lock out/ tag out but adding and loading raw materials
may not. There will also be modes which are not as clear, such as troubleshooting and machine index adjustment, for
example. These types of modes have to be looked into further, based on the specific application. In every situation
we know that motion and energy is required to be removed. If a decision is made to not lock out / tag out when safeguarding measures have been removed or bypassed, well justified documented reasoning must be made available along with the due diligence of added safety measures. When a decision cannot be clearly made, best practice is to use the commonly stated general rule: “when in doubt, lock it out”.

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